Skip to main content

Cinema Speculation

Download Cinema Speculation Full eBooks in PDF, EPUB, and kindle. Cinema Speculation is one my favorite book and give us some inspiration, very enjoy to read. you could read this book anywhere anytime directly from your device. This site is like a library, Use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want.

Cinema Speculation

Cinema Speculation Book
Author : Quentin Tarantino
Publisher : HarperCollins
Release : 2022-11-01
ISBN : 0063112590
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Language : Ennglish

GET BOOK

Cinema Speculation Book PDF/Epub Download

Instant New York Times bestseller The long-awaited first work of nonfiction from the author of the #1 New York Times bestselling Once Upon a Time in Hollywood: a deliriously entertaining, wickedly intelligent cinema book as unique and creative as anything by Quentin Tarantino. In addition to being among the most celebrated of contemporary filmmakers, Quentin Tarantino is possibly the most joyously infectious movie lover alive. For years he has touted in interviews his eventual turn to writing books about films. Now, with Cinema Speculation, the time has come, and the results are everything his passionate fans—and all movie lovers—could have hoped for. Organized around key American films from the 1970s, all of which he first saw as a young moviegoer at the time, this book is as intellectually rigorous and insightful as it is rollicking and entertaining. At once film criticism, film theory, a feat of reporting, and wonderful personal history, it is all written in the singular voice recognizable immediately as QT’s and with the rare perspective about cinema possible only from one of the greatest practitioners of the artform ever.

Once Upon a Time in Hollywood

Once Upon a Time in Hollywood Book
Author : Quentin Tarantino
Publisher : HarperCollins
Release : 2021-06-29
ISBN : 0063112531
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Language : Ennglish

GET BOOK

Once Upon a Time in Hollywood Book PDF/Epub Download

Quentin Tarantino’s long-awaited first work of fiction—at once hilarious, delicious and brutal—is the always surprising, sometimes shocking, novelization of his Academy Award winning film. RICK DALTON—Once he had his own TV series, but now Rick’s a washed-up villain-of-the week drowning his sorrows in whiskey sours. Will a phone call from Rome save his fate or seal it? CLIFF BOOTH—Rick’s stunt double, and the most infamous man on any movie set because he’s the only one there who might have got away with murder. . . . SHARON TATE—She left Texas to chase a movie-star dream, and found it. Sharon’s salad days are now spent on Cielo Drive, high in the Hollywood Hills. CHARLES MANSON—The ex-con’s got a bunch of zonked-out hippies thinking he’s their spiritual leader, but he’d trade it all to be a rock ‘n’ roll star.

Ambiguity and Film Criticism

Ambiguity and Film Criticism Book
Author : Hoi Lun Law
Publisher : Springer Nature
Release : 2021-02-02
ISBN : 3030629457
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Language : Ennglish

GET BOOK

Ambiguity and Film Criticism Book PDF/Epub Download

This book defends an account of ambiguity which illuminates the aesthetic possibilities of film and the nature of film criticism. Ambiguity typically describes the condition of multiple meanings. But we can find multiple meanings in what appears unambiguous to us. So, what makes ambiguity ambiguous? This study argues that a sense of uncertainty is vital to the concept. Ambiguity is what presses us to inquire into our puzzlement over a movie, to persistently ask “why is it as it is?” Notably, this account of the concept is also an account of its criticism. It recognises that a satisfying assessment of what is ambiguous involves both our reason and doubt; that is, reason and doubt can work together in our practice of reading. This book, then, considers ambiguity as a form of reasonable doubt, one that invites us to reflect on our critical efforts, rethinking the operation of film criticism.

Quentin Tarantino and Philosophy

Quentin Tarantino and Philosophy Book
Author : Richard Greene,K. Silem Mohammad
Publisher : Open Court
Release : 2007-10-01
ISBN : 081269709X
File Size : 29,8 Mb
Language : Ennglish

GET BOOK

Quentin Tarantino and Philosophy Book PDF/Epub Download

The films of Quentin Tarantino are ripe for philosophical speculation, raising compelling questions about justice and ethics, violence and aggression, the nature of causality, and the flow of time. In this witty collection of articles, no subject is too taboo for the writers to tackle. From an aesthetic meditation on the use of spraying blood in Kill Bill to the conundrum of translation and reference in Vincent and Jules' discussion about French Big Macs in Pulp Fiction, Tarantino and Philosophy shies away from nothing. Is The Bride a heroic figure, even though she’s motivated solely by revenge? How is Tarantino able to create a coherent story when he jumps between past, future, and present? The philosophers in this book take on those questions and more in essays as provocative as the films themselves.

Speculative Film and Moving Images by Or about Black Women and Girls

Speculative Film and Moving Images by Or about Black Women and Girls Book
Author : Karima K. Jeffrey
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
Release : 2022
ISBN : 1793627045
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Language : Ennglish

GET BOOK

Speculative Film and Moving Images by Or about Black Women and Girls Book PDF/Epub Download

This book examines twentieth and twenty-first century speculative fiction films that represent women and girls of African descent Jeffrey offers insights about positive developments while calling attention to questionable trends in recent movie-making.

Speculative Satire in Contemporary Literature and Film

Speculative Satire in Contemporary Literature and Film Book
Author : Kirk Combe
Publisher : Routledge
Release : 2020-12-28
ISBN : 1000289834
File Size : 38,7 Mb
Language : Ennglish

GET BOOK

Speculative Satire in Contemporary Literature and Film Book PDF/Epub Download

Since 1980, when neoliberal and neoconservative forces began their hostile takeover of western culture, a new type of political satire has emerged that works to unmask and deter those toxic doctrines. Literary and cultural critic Kirk Combe calls this new form of satire the Rant. The Rant is grim, highly imaginative, and complex in its blending of genres. It mixes facets of satire, science fiction, and monster tale to produce widely consumed spectacles—major studio movies, popular television/streaming series, bestselling novels—designed to disturb and to provoke. The Rant targets what Combe calls the Regime. Simply put, the Regime is the sum of the dangerous social, economic, and political orthodoxies spurred on by neoliberal and neoconservative polity. Such practices include free-market capitalism, corporatism, militarism, religiosity, imperialism, racism, patriarchy, and so on. In the Rant, then, we have a unique and wholly contemporary genre of political expression and protest: speculative satire.

Cinema Arthuriana

Cinema Arthuriana Book
Author : Kevin J. Harty
Publisher : McFarland
Release : 2010-01-29
ISBN : 0786446838
File Size : 28,7 Mb
Language : Ennglish

GET BOOK

Cinema Arthuriana Book PDF/Epub Download

The legends of King Arthur have not only endured for centuries, but also flourished in constant retellings and new stories built around the central themes. With the coming of motion pictures, Arthur was destined to hit the screen. This edition of Cinema Arthuriana, revised in 2002, presents 20 essays on the topic of the recurring presence of the legend in film and television from 1904 to 2001. They cover such films as Excalibur (1981) and Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975), television productions such as The Mists of Avalon (2001), and French and German films about the quest for the Holy Grail and the other adventures of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table.

Speculation

Speculation Book
Author : Gayle Rogers
Publisher : Columbia University Press
Release : 2021-07-06
ISBN : 0231553498
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Language : Ennglish

GET BOOK

Speculation Book PDF/Epub Download

In the modern world, why do we still resort to speculation? Advances in scientific and statistical reasoning are supposed to have provided greater certainty in making claims about the future. Yet we constantly spin out scenarios about tomorrow, for ourselves or for entire societies, with flimsy or no evidence. Insubstantial speculations—from utopian thinking to high-risk stock gambles—often provoke fierce backlash, even when they prove prophetic for the world we come to inhabit. Why does this hypothetical way of thinking generate such controversy? In this cultural, literary, and intellectual history, Gayle Rogers traces debates over speculation from antiquity to the present. Celebrated by Boethius as the height of humanity’s mental powers but denigrated as sinful by John Calvin, speculation eventually became central to the scientific revolution’s new methods of seeing the natural world. In the nineteenth century, writers such as Jane Austen used the concept to diagnose the marriage market, redefining speculation for the purpose of social critique. Speculation fueled the development of modern capitalism, spurring booms, busts, and bubbles, and recently artificial intelligence has automated the speculation previously done by humans, with uncertain and troubling consequences. Unraveling these histories and many other disputes, Rogers argues that what has always been at stake in arguments over speculation, and why it so often appears so threatening, is the authority to produce and control knowledge about the future. Recasting centuries of contests over the power to anticipate tomorrow, this book reveals the crucial role speculation has played in how we create—and potentially destroy—the future.

Verse Voice and Vision

Verse  Voice  and Vision Book
Author : Marlisa Santos
Publisher : Scarecrow Press
Release : 2013-09-26
ISBN : 0810892103
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Language : Ennglish

GET BOOK

Verse Voice and Vision Book PDF/Epub Download

This collection of essays explore the relationship between one of the world’s oldest art forms—poetry—and one of the world’s newest art forms—film. These essays include analyses of biopics of poets, films inspired by particular poems, cinematic representations of poets or poetic studies and the avant-garde phenomenon of the “poem-film.”

Quentin Tarantino

Quentin Tarantino Book
Author : Ian Nathan
Publisher : White Lion Publishing
Release : 2019-10-01
ISBN : 1781318689
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Language : Ennglish

GET BOOK

Quentin Tarantino Book PDF/Epub Download

Get an intimate look at the cult filmmaker of our generation. Packaged in a handsome slipcase and loaded with stunning pictures from the Kobal archives, this biography explores the genesis of Tarantino's unique directorial style and provides insight into his inspirations and his frequent collaborations with favored actors. An 8-page foldout timeline presents Tarantino’s entire filmography in the heart of the book. Through in-depth and informative text written by renowned film journalist Ian Nathan, this book examines the entirety of Tarantino's work, including his early writing on screenplays such as True Romance and Natural Born Killers, his break-out directorial debut Reservoir Dogs and the career-defining Pulp Fiction, as well as his later iconic films, such as Kill Bill Volumes 1 and 2, Inglourious Basterds, and Django Unchained. You'll also go behind the scenes of Tarantino's latest epic, Once Upon a Time in Hollywood. As you make your way through Tarantino's incredible career, discover what inspired him, his working methods, and the breadth of his talent. With a visually arresting design that mimics Tarantino's approach to film-making and chapters organized by film, the pages are brimming with images taken on set and behind the scenes. This is the ultimate celebration for any Tarantino fan.

Matters of Care

Matters of Care Book
Author : María Puig de la Bellacasa
Publisher : U of Minnesota Press
Release : 2017-03-21
ISBN : 1452953473
File Size : 30,5 Mb
Language : Ennglish

GET BOOK

Matters of Care Book PDF/Epub Download

To care can feel good, or it can feel bad. It can do good, it can oppress. But what is care? A moral obligation? A burden? A joy? Is it only human? In Matters of Care, María Puig de la Bellacasa presents a powerful challenge to conventional notions of care, exploring its significance as an ethical and political obligation for thinking in the more than human worlds of technoscience and naturecultures. Matters of Care contests the view that care is something only humans do, and argues for extending to non-humans the consideration of agencies and communities that make the living web of care by considering how care circulates in the natural world. The first of the book’s two parts, “Knowledge Politics,” defines the motivations for expanding the ethico-political meanings of care, focusing on discussions in science and technology that engage with sociotechnical assemblages and objects as lively, politically charged “things.” The second part, “Speculative Ethics in Antiecological Times,” considers everyday ecologies of sustaining and perpetuating life for their potential to transform our entrenched relations to natural worlds as “resources.” From the ethics and politics of care to experiential research on care to feminist science and technology studies, Matters of Care is a singular contribution to an emerging interdisciplinary debate that expands agency beyond the human to ask how our understandings of care must shift if we broaden the world.

Shock Value

Shock Value Book
Author : Jason Zinoman
Publisher : Penguin
Release : 2011-07-07
ISBN : 1101516968
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Language : Ennglish

GET BOOK

Shock Value Book PDF/Epub Download

An enormously entertaining account of the gifted and eccentric directors who gave us the golden age of modern horror in the 1970s, bringing a new brand of politics and gritty realism to the genre. Much has been written about the storied New Hollywood of the 1970s, but at the same time as Martin Scorsese, Steven Spielberg, and Francis Ford Coppola were making their first classic movies, a parallel universe of directors gave birth to the modern horror film-aggressive, raw, and utterly original. Based on unprecedented access to the genre's major players, The New York Times's critic Jason Zinoman's Shock Value delivers the first definitive account of horror's golden age. By the late 1960s, horror was stuck in the past, confined mostly to drive-in theaters and exploitation houses, and shunned by critics. Shock Value tells the unlikely story of how the much-disparaged horror film became an ambitious art form while also conquering the multiplex. Directors such as Wes Craven, Roman Polanski, John Carpenter, and Brian De Palma- counterculture types operating largely outside the confines of Hollywood-revolutionized the genre, exploding taboos and bringing a gritty aesthetic, confrontational style, and political edge to horror. Zinoman recounts how these directors produced such classics as Rosemary's Baby, Carrie, The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, and Halloween, creating a template for horror that has been imitated relentlessly but whose originality has rarely been matched. This new kind of film dispensed with the old vampires and werewolves and instead assaulted audiences with portraits of serial killers, the dark side of suburbia, and a brand of nihilistic violence that had never been seen before. Shock Value tells the improbable stories behind the making of these movies, which were often directed by obsessive and insecure young men working on shoestring budgets, were funded by sketchy investors, and starred porn stars. But once The Exorcist became the highest grossing film in America, Hollywood took notice. The classic horror films of the 1970s have now spawned a billion-dollar industry, but they have also penetrated deep into the American consciousness. Quite literally, Zinoman reveals, these movies have taught us what to be afraid of. Drawing on interviews with hundreds of the most important artists in horror, Shock Value is an enthralling and personality-driven account of an overlooked but hugely influential golden age in American film.

Inglourious Basterds

Inglourious Basterds Book
Author : Quentin Tarantino
Publisher : Little, Brown
Release : 2009-08-17
ISBN : 0316080659
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Language : Ennglish

GET BOOK

Inglourious Basterds Book PDF/Epub Download

From the most original and beloved screenwriter of his generation, the complete Oscar-nominated screenplay of Quentin Tarantino's World War II epic Inglorious Basterds. From the brilliant writer/director behind the iconic films Pulp Fiction, Kill Bill, and Once Upon a Time in Hollywood, comes Tarantino's most ambitious movie: a World War II epic starring Brad Pitt and filmed on location in Germany and France. The action tale follows the parallel story of a guerrilla-like squad of American soldiers called "The Basterds" and the French Jewish teenage girl Shosanna who find themselves behind enemy Nazi lines during the German occupation. When the Inglourious Basterds encounter Shosanna at a propaganda screening at the movie house she runs, they conspire to launch an unexpected plot to end the war. Pitt plays Lieutenant Aldo Raine -- the leader of the Basterds. Raine is an illiterate hillbilly from the mountains of Tennessee who puts together a team of eight Jewish-American soldiers to hunt down the Nazis. Filled with Tarantino's trademark electric dialogue and thrilling action sequences, Inglourious Basterds is one of the most celebrated films of the twenty-first century.

Pulp Fiction

Pulp Fiction Book
Author : Quentin Tarantino
Publisher : Unknown
Release : 1999
ISBN : 9780571200689
File Size : 23,7 Mb
Language : Ennglish

GET BOOK

Pulp Fiction Book PDF/Epub Download

Starring Samuel L. Jackson, John Travolta and Uma Thurman, Pulp Fiction exploded on to the screen in 1994 and transformed the direction of contemporary cinema. Nominated for seven Oscars and winner of the BAFTA award, this triplet of masterfully interwoven crime stories is witty, gritty and shamelessly violent, displaying Tarantino's visceral approach to character and plot. Tarantino has spawned a whole host of wannabes in the wake of this, the defining movie of the 1990s. But none has demonstrated the elegant style and compassion that make Tarantino's screenplays so compellingly readable. Nominated for seven Oscars, Pulp Fiction starred John Travolta, Samuel L. Jackson, Bruce Willis and Uma Thurman and won the US Oscar for Best Screenplay, the BAFTA and the prestigious Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival. Quentin Tarantino's other films include Reservoir Dogs, Jackie Brown, From Dusk Till Dawn and most recently, Inglorious Basterds and Django Unchained.

Film

Film Book
Author : Ben Lawton,J. Staiger
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
Release : 1977
ISBN : 9780913178539
File Size : 35,6 Mb
Language : Ennglish

GET BOOK

Film Book PDF/Epub Download

First Published in 1977. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Where No Black Woman Has Gone Before

Where No Black Woman Has Gone Before Book
Author : Diana Adesola Mafe
Publisher : University of Texas Press
Release : 2018-03-01
ISBN : 1477315233
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Language : Ennglish

GET BOOK

Where No Black Woman Has Gone Before Book PDF/Epub Download

When Lieutenant Uhura took her place on the bridge of the Starship Enterprise on Star Trek, the actress Nichelle Nichols went where no African American woman had ever gone before. Yet several decades passed before many other black women began playing significant roles in speculative (i.e., science fiction, fantasy, and horror) film and television—a troubling omission, given that these genres offer significant opportunities for reinventing social constructs such as race, gender, and class. Challenging cinema’s history of stereotyping or erasing black women on-screen, Where No Black Woman Has Gone Before showcases twenty-first-century examples that portray them as central figures of action and agency. Writing for fans as well as scholars, Diana Adesola Mafe looks at representations of black womanhood and girlhood in American and British speculative film and television, including 28 Days Later, AVP: Alien vs. Predator, Children of Men, Beasts of the Southern Wild, Firefly, and Doctor Who: Series 3. Each of these has a subversive black female character in its main cast, and Mafe draws on critical race, postcolonial, and gender theories to explore each film and show, placing the black female characters at the center of the analysis and demonstrating their agency. The first full study of black female characters in speculative film and television, Where No Black Woman Has Gone Before shows why heroines such as Lex in AVP and Zoë in Firefly are inspiring a generation of fans, just as Uhura did.

The Book of Speculation

The Book of Speculation Book
Author : Erika Swyler
Publisher : St. Martin's Press
Release : 2015-06-23
ISBN : 146685779X
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Language : Ennglish

GET BOOK

The Book of Speculation Book PDF/Epub Download

One of BuzzFeed's 24 Best Fiction Books of 2015 "As Simon, a lonely research librarian, searches frantically for the key to a curse that might be killing the women in his family, he learns strange and fascinating secrets about their past. A tale full of magic and family mystery, The Book of Speculation will keep you up all night reading."—Isaac Fitzgerald, BuzzFeed Simon Watson, a young librarian, lives alone in a house that is slowly crumbling toward the Long Island Sound. His parents are long dead. His mother, a circus mermaid who made her living by holding her breath, drowned in the very water his house overlooks. His younger sister, Enola, ran off six years ago and now reads tarot cards for a traveling carnival. One June day, an old book arrives on Simon's doorstep, sent by an antiquarian bookseller who purchased it on speculation. Fragile and water damaged, the book is a log from the owner of a traveling carnival in the 1700s, who reports strange and magical things, including the drowning death of a circus mermaid. Since then, generations of "mermaids" in Simon's family have drowned--always on July 24, which is only weeks away. As his friend Alice looks on with alarm, Simon becomes increasingly worried about his sister. Could there be a curse on Simon's family? What does it have to do with the book, and can he get to the heart of the mystery in time to save Enola? In the tradition of Sara Gruen's Water for Elephants, Erin Morgenstern's The Night Circus, and Elizabeth Kostova's The Historian, The Book of Speculation--with two-color illustrations by the author--is Erika Swyler's moving debut novel about the power of books, family, and magic.

The New Spirit in the Cinema

The New Spirit in the Cinema Book
Author : Huntly Carter
Publisher : Unknown
Release : 1930
ISBN : 0987650XXX
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Language : Ennglish

GET BOOK

The New Spirit in the Cinema Book PDF/Epub Download

Download The New Spirit in the Cinema book written by Huntly Carter and published by with total hardcover pages 512 . Available in PDF, EPUB, and Kindle, read book directly with any devices anywhere and anytime.

Squid Cinema From Hell

Squid Cinema From Hell Book
Author : William Brown
Publisher : Edinburgh University Press
Release : 2020-04-02
ISBN : 1474463746
File Size : 54,5 Mb
Language : Ennglish

GET BOOK

Squid Cinema From Hell Book PDF/Epub Download

Here be Kraken! The Squid Cinema From Hell draws upon writers like Vilem Flusser, Donna J. Haraway, Graham Harman and Eugene Thacker to offer up a critical analysis of cephalopods and other tentacular creatures in contemporary media, while also speculating that digital media might themselves constitute a weird, intelligent alien. If this were not enough to shiver ye timbers, the book engages with contemporary discourses of posthumanism, speculative realism, object-oriented ontology and animal studies to suggest that humans are the products of media rather than media being the products of humans. Including case studies of films by Denis Villeneuve, Park Chan-wook and Celine Sciamma, The Squid Cinema From Hell also provides a daring engagement with various media beyond cinema, including literature, music videos, 4DX, advertising, websites, YouTube, Artificial Intelligence and more. Zounds! This unique and Lovecraftian book will change the way you think about, and with, our contemporary, media-saturated world. For as we contemplate the abyss, the abyss looks back at us - and chthulumedia, or media at the end of human times, begin to emerge.

Altermundos

Altermundos Book
Author : Cathryn Josefina Merla-Watson,B. V. Olguín
Publisher : Unknown
Release : 2017
ISBN : 9780895511638
File Size : 38,8 Mb
Language : Ennglish

GET BOOK

Altermundos Book PDF/Epub Download

Speculative fiction--encompassing both science fiction and fantasy--has emerged as a dynamic field within Chicana/o and Latina/o studies, producing new critical vocabularies and approaches to topics that include colonialism and modernity, immigration and globalization, race and gender. As the first collection engaging Chicana/o and Latina/o speculative cultural production, Altermundos: Latin@ Speculative Literature, Film, and Popular Culture provides a comprehensive alternative to the view of speculative fiction as a largely white, male, Eurocentric, and heteronormative genre. It features original essays from more than twenty-five scholars as well as interviews, manifestos, short fiction, and new works from Chicana/o and Latina/o artists.

The Book of Horror

The Book of Horror Book
Author : Matt Glasby
Publisher : Quarto Publishing Group USA
Release : 2020-09-22
ISBN : 0711251797
File Size : 34,6 Mb
Language : Ennglish

GET BOOK

The Book of Horror Book PDF/Epub Download

'... the definitive guide to what properly messes us up.' ― SFX Magazine 'Glasby anatomises horror's scare tactics with keen, lucid clarity across 34 carefully selected main films – classic and pleasingly obscure. 4 Stars.' ― Total Film​ The Book of Horror introduces you to the scariest movies ever made and examines what makes them so frightening. Horror movies have never been more critically or commercially successful, but there’s only one metric that matters: are they scary? Back in the silent era, viewers thrilled at Frankenstein and Dracula. Today, the monsters may have changed, but the instinct remains the same: to seek out the unspeakable, ride the adrenaline rush and play out our fears in the safety of the cinema. The Book of Horror focuses on the most frightening films of the post-war era – from Psycho (1960) to It Chapter Two (2019) – examining exactly how they scare us across a series of key categories. Each chapter explores a seminal horror film in depth, charting its scariest moments with infographics and identifying the related works you need to see. Including references to more than 100 classic and contemporary horror films from around the globe, and striking illustrations from Barney Bodoano, this is a rich and compelling guide to the scariest films ever made. The films: Psycho (1960), The Innocents (1961), The Haunting (1963), Don’t Look Now (1973), The Exorcist (1973), The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974), Who Can Kill a Child? (1976), Suspiria (1977), Halloween (1978), The Shining (1980), The Entity (1982), Angst (1983), Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer (1990), Ring (1998), The Blair Witch Project (1999), The Others (2001), The Eye (2002), Ju-On: The Grudge (2002), Shutter (2004), The Descent (2005), Wolf Creek (2005), The Orphanage (2007), [Rec] (2007), The Strangers (2008), Lake Mungo (2008), Martyrs (2008), The Innkeepers (2011), Banshee Chapter (2013), Oculus (2013), The Babadook (2014), It Follows (2015), Terrified (2017), Hereditary (2018), It Chapter Two (2019)